Pins

The Pin Factory is memorialized in the background of the face of the British 20 pound note.
(Acknowledgement)

Car! (more specifically a yellow Ford Cortina)

(Acknowledgement)

Juan Valdez

He is a fictional character who has appeared in advertisements for the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia since 1958, representing a Colombian coffee farmer. The slogan was the subject of a lawsuit in 2006.
(Acknowledgement)

Bhopal

Thousands of people died and thousands more were injured when gas leaked from an industrial plant. Anderson was charged but never faced a court.
(Acknowledgement)

Candy (Halloween)

Apparently, candy retailers wanted this so badly that in 1986 they lobbied to extend DST into the beginning of November by putting candy pumpkins on the seat of every senator, according to a press release from the Department of Transportation. The candy industry disputed this account. It is to enable an extra hour of daylight for children to collect even more candy while trick-or-treating, thus forcing people to purchase more sweets to meet demand.
(Acknowledgement)

Michelin Guide (to restaurants)

The term normally refers to the Michelin Red Guide, the oldest and best-known European hotel and restaurant reference guide, which awards Michelin stars for excellence to a select few establishments.
(Acknowledgement)

(Corrado) Gini

A high Gini coefficient indicates high inequality. The countries in Africa had the highest pre-tax Gini coefficients in 2008–2009, with South Africa the world's highest, variously estimated to be between 0.63 to 0.7.
(Acknowledgement)

Dell

The so-called "Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention" says that people or nations don't just want to have a better standard of living as symbolized by McDonald's franchise in their downtown, but want to have the lump of the labor sector that is created by globalization.
(Acknowledgement)

51

Development of the Parker "51" was completed in 1939, the 51st anniversary of the Parker Pen Company, thus its name. In a poll by the Illinois Institute of Technology, it was voted the fourth best industrial design of the twentieth century.
(Acknowledgement)

The 'e' of Concorde

However, the "E stands for England" theory further ruffled some feathers, because Scotland soon pointed out that Concorde's nose cone was made in Scotland. Benn replied, "It was also for Ecosse (French for "Scotland)." "Concorde" is the French spelling, but U.K. Prime Minister Harold Macmillan got in an argument with Charles de Gaulle and officially had the "e" yanked to spite him.
(Acknowledgement)

Madison Avenue

According to "The Emergence of Advertising in America" by the year 1861 there were twenty advertising agencies in New York City, and in 1911, the New York City Association of Advertising Agencies was founded. In recent decades, many agencies have left Madison Avenue, with some moving further downtown and others moving west.
(Acknowledgement)

Adidas

The 3 striped Adidas logo was created by Adi Dassler, founder of Adidas.
(Acknowledgement)

Proton

The name is a Malay acronym for Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Sendirian Berhad (National Automobile Company Private Limited).
(Acknowledgement)

"Just Do It" (Nike)

Dan Wieden co-founded the ad agency Wieden+Kennedy with David Kennedy.
(Acknowledgement)

General Motors

During a hearings, when asked if he could make a decision as Secretary of Defense that would be adverse to the interests of General Motors (as he served with the company previously), Wilson answered affirmatively.
(Acknowledgement)

Austria

Largest suppliers of oil to the United States

(Acknowledgement)

Bitcoin

Users send payments by broadcasting digitally signed messages that transfer ownership of bitcoins, the unit of currency.
(Acknowledgement)

First industrial robot

The machine undertook the job of transporting die castings from an assembly line and welding these parts on auto bodies. It also appeared on The Tonight Show hosted by Johnny Carson on which it knocked a golf ball into a cup, poured a beer, waved the orchestra conductor's baton and grasped an accordion and waved it around.
(Acknowledgement)

Refrigerator

Above ground, the structure had a domed shape, but had a subterranean storage space; it was often used to store ice, but sometimes was used to store food as well. By 400 BCE, Persian engineers had mastered the technique of storing ice in the middle of summer in the desert.
(Acknowledgement)

Holiday Inn

The signs were extremely large and eye-catching, but were expensive to construct and operate.

Microwave

His employer was Raytheon that transformed the invention into a model called Radarange.
(Acknowledgement)

Ramadan

The festival season is also a keenly anticipated, prime-time TV season.
(Acknowledgement)

United States Department of Defense

With 3.2 million people. Followed by People's Liberation Army of China (2.3 million) and Walmart (2.1 million).
(Acknowledgement)

Spain

It helped to start the economic boom, the Spanish Miracle (1959-1973), that came at the end of the slow recovery from the Spanish Civil War. The vehicle has become an icon of the period.
(Acknowledgement)

Netflix

Gnomes of Zürich

Davos

The meeting brings together some 2,500 top business leaders, international political leaders, selected intellectuals and journalists to discuss the most pressing issues facing the world, including health and the environment.
(Acknowledgement)

Tulip bulb

Tulip mania or tulipomania was a period in the Dutch Golden Age during which contract prices for bulbs of the recently introduced tulip reached extraordinarily high levels and then suddenly collapsed.
(Acknowledgement)

Victoria's Secret

Cochabamba

Six Flags

The company was founded in Texas and took its name from its first property, Six Flags Over Texas. The story goes that the builder originally intended to name the park 'Texas under Six Flags', until his wife objected stating that "Texas isn't under anything." Six Flags Entertainment Corp. is the world's largest amusement park corporation based on quantity of properties, and the fifth most popular in terms of attendance. The six entities are Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the United States of America, and the Confederate States of America.
(Acknowledgement)

Trajan

Trajan's Market was probably built in 100-110 AD by Apollodorus of Damascus. The arcades in Trajan's Market are now believed by many to be administrative offices for Emperor Trajan. The shops and apartments were built in a multi-level structure, and it is still possible to visit several of the levels.
(Acknowledgement)

Smoke

Smokers Express was a Florida-based company that would have provided smoking flights to destinations within the United States. The company never received enough funding to begin operations.
(Acknowledgement)

Real people do the work

'The Turk' was a chess-playing automaton of the 18th century, which was made by Wolfgang von Kempelen. It toured Europe, beating the likes of Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin. It was later revealed that this 'machine' was not an automaton at all, but was in fact a chess master hidden in a special compartment controlling its operations. Likewise, the Mechanical Turk web service allows humans to help the machines of today perform tasks for which they are not suited.
(Acknowledgement)

Nestlé

With brands like Nespresso, Nescafé, KitKat, Smarties, Nesquik, Stouffer's, Vittel, and Maggi, it is the largest food company in the world measured by revenues.

Ford Model T

The Model T was called the 'Tin Lizzie' because of the dependability of the vehicle.

Cuba and North Korea

(Acknowledgement)

Robin Hood index

It is conceptually one of the simplest inequality index used in econometrics. A better known inequality measure is the Gini coefficient.
(Acknowledgement)

Angry Birds

Pinto

Controversy followed the Pinto after 1977 allegations that the Pinto's structural design allowed the fuel tank to be punctured in a rear-end collision, resulting in deadly fires from spilled fuel. According to a 1977 Mother Jones article, Ford allegedly was aware of the design flaw, refused to pay for a redesign, and decided it would be cheaper to pay off possible lawsuits for resulting deaths.
(Acknowledgement)

Skunkworks project

A skunkworks project often operates with a high degree of autonomy and unhampered by bureaucracy, tasked with working on advanced or secret projects. The distinctive name originated during WWII when the P-80 Shooting Star was designed by Lockheed's Advanced Development Projects Division in Burbank, California.
(Acknowledgement)

Twitter

Kodak

During most of the 20th century Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film, and in 1976 had a 90% market share of photographic film sales in the United States. Beginning in the late 1990s, Kodak struggled financially as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film, and 2007 was the most recent year in which the company made a profit.
(Acknowledgement)

Velcro

It is a portmanteau of the two French words velours ('velvet'), and crochet ('hook').

Proctor and Gamble (P&G)

Second-highest bid

It gives bidders an incentive to bid their true value but they are not particularly common in practice. One market in which they have been used is stamp collecting. eBay's system of proxy bidding is similar, but not identical, to a Vickrey auction. A slight generalized variant of a Vickrey auction, named generalized second-price auction, which is different from the VCG mechanism, is known to be used in Google's and Yahoo!'s online advertisement programmes.
(Acknowledgement)

Boeing 747

This was a monumental engineering and management challenge, and included construction of the world's biggest factory, a plant which is the size of 40 football fields.
(Acknowledgement)

Magic Circle

The main competitors of the Magic Circle are often referred to as the 'Silver Circle.'

Samuel Morse (1791-1872)

If you said Graham Bell, it is a good guess but his patent wasn't filed until 1876. Bell died in 1922.

Listerine (from Joseph Lister)

Listerine is one of the most popular mouthwashes sold in the United States.

Keds (kids + ped)

Shanghai

(Acknowledgement)

HD DVD to Blu-ray

In February 2008, after a high stakes format war with Blu-ray, Toshiba abandoned the HD DVD format.

Walmart

Goodyear blimps

The GZ stands for Goodyear-Zeppelin, stemming from the partnership Goodyear had with the German company when both were building airships together. Goodyear began producing airship envelopes in 1911 and introduced its own blimp, The Pilgrim, in 1925. Goodyear confirmed in 2011 that they will reinstate their long lost partnership with Zeppelin with new models.
(Acknowledgement)

Venture capital (VC)

ARDC is credited with the first major venture capital success story when its 1957 investment in Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) yielded great returns in 1966. For his role in the founding of ARDC, Doriot is often referred to as the 'father of venture capitalism.'
(Acknowledgement)

Maidenform bra

The campaign ran for 20 years and made the product known round the world.

Something that people consume more of when its price increases, violating the law of demand.

Giffen goods are named after Scottish economist Sir Robert Giffen, who was attributed as the author of this idea by Alfred Marshall in his book Principles of Economics. The classic example given by Marshall is of inferior quality staple foods, whose demand is driven by poverty that makes their purchasers unable to afford superior foodstuffs. As the price of the cheap staple rises, they can no longer afford to supplement their diet with better foods, and must consume more of the staple food.
(Acknowledgement)

Co-operatives

The implications of the Rochdale Principles are a focus of study in co-operative economics.
(Acknowledgement)

Bubble Wrap

When the product turned out to be unsuccessful as wallpaper, it was marketed as greenhouse insulation. Although Bubble Wrap was branded by Sealed Air Corporation in 1960, it was not until a few years later that its use in protective packaging was discovered.
(Acknowledgement)

Rolls-Royce

David Ogilvy, regarded as the 'Father of Advertising' coined the line in 1958. The company added a soundless digital clock to its Silver Spirit model in 1980.

Napster

This was the discovery that helped bring the illegal sharing of mp3 files to the spotlight.

Guinness

Linoleum

Linoleum is considered the first product to become a generic term.

Facebook

It was from the American Farm Bureau Federation and the domain name was fb.com.

Gold bullion coins

A bullion coin is a coin struck from precious metal and kept as a store of value or an investment, rather than used in day-to-day commerce. Bullion coins are usually available in gold and silver, with the exception of the Krugerrand and the Swiss Vreneli which are only available in gold. The American Eagle series is available in gold, silver and platinum, and the Canadian Maple Leaf series is available in gold, silver, platinum and also palladium.
(Acknowledgement)

Staples Inc.

Malcolm Forbes

Deepwater Horizon

Netscape

Netscape's web browser was once dominant in terms of usage share, but lost most of that share to Internet Explorer during the first browser war. By the end of 2006, the usage share of Netscape browsers had fallen, from over 90% in the mid 1990s, to less than 1%. The name Netscape was a trademark of Cisco Systems, that was granted to the company.
(Acknowledgement)

Volkswagen

The 1960s ads by Doyle Dane Bernbach had the challenge of selling a compact, strange-looking automobile to Americans obsessed with muscle cars, which reflected the country's new superpower status.
(Acknowledgement)

Clio Awards

They are awarded in a number of fields, including: TV, Print, Outdoor, Radio, Integrated Campaign, Innovative Media, Design, Internet, Content & Contact, and Student work.

Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammed Yunus

The word "Grameen" is derived from the word "gram" and means "rural" or "village" in Bangla language. The system of this bank is based on the idea that the poor have skills that are under-utilized.

Henry J. Kaiser (1882-1967)

Among the projects he constructed or helped construct: the Los Angeles Aqueduct; the Oakland-San Francisco Bay Bridge; and the Hoover, Parker, Shasta and Grand Coulee dams. The inexpensive, quick-to-produce "Liberty Ships" built at his shipyards helped win World War II. But perhaps his greatest feat was providing his workers with health care coverage. Kaiser saw his prepaid health coverage plan as a way to temper labor unrest and leave the government out of the process, while bettering humanity.
(Acknowledgement)

World Bank and IMF

As a result of the conference, the Bretton Woods system of exchange rate management was set up, which remained in place until the early 1970s.

Boeing

Built in 1909, it is the oldest airplane-manufacturing facility in the nation and is now part of the Museum of Flight in Seattle.

Starbucks

The company is named in part after Starbuck, Captain Ahab's first mate in the novel Moby-Dick, as well as a turn-of-the-century mining camp (Starbo or Storbo) on Mount Rainier. Pequod is the main ship in the novel.

Mail order business

Although his idea was generally considered to border on lunacy and his first inventory was destroyed by the Great Chicago Fire, Ward persevered. In August 1872, with two fellow employees and a total capital of $1,600, he formed Montgomery Ward & Company. He rented a small shipping room on North Clark Street and published the world's first general merchandise mail-order catalog with 163 products listed. Ward's catalog soon was copied by other enterprising merchants, most notably Richard Warren Sears, who mailed his first general catalog in 1896.
(Acknowledgement)

Krupp family

Toy trains (model railroading)

Lionel, LLC is a designer and importer of toy trains and model railroads, based in Chesterfield Township, Michigan. Its roots lie in the 1969 purchase of the Lionel product line by cereal conglomerate General Mills. According to its reorganization papers filed as part of its bankruptcy plan on May 21, 2007, about 95 percent of the company's sales come from O gauge trains. The plan estimated that about $70 million worth of O gauge trains are sold each year, and that Lionel accounts for about 60% of that market, making it the largest manufacturer of O gauge trains.
(Acknowledgement)

Mercantilism

Economic assets or capital, are represented by bullion (gold, silver, and trade value) held by the state, which is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations (exports minus imports) and assumes wealth and monetary assets are identical. Mercantilism suggests that the ruling government should advance these goals by playing a protectionist role in the economy; by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, notably through the use of tariffs and subsidies.
(Acknowledgement)

Paul Samuelson

Economic historian Randall E. Parker calls him the "Father of Modern Economics", and The New York Times considered him to be the "foremost academic economist of the 20th century."
(Acknowledgement)

Planned obsolescence

It has potential benefits for a producer because the product fails and the consumer is under pressure to purchase again, whether from the same manufacturer (a replacement part or a newer model), or from a competitor which might also rely on planned obsolescence. Planned obsolescence was first developed in the 1920s and 1930s when mass production had opened every minute aspect of the production process to exacting analysis.
(Acknowledgement)

Tariff

Self-employed

Named for U.S. Representative Eugene James Keogh of New York, they are sometimes called HR10 plans. IRS Publication 560 refers to them as "Qualified Plans," although Keogh Plan is understood by all. They are different from Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs).
(Acknowledgement)

Pepsi Cola

Happening in front of a full house of fans during a simulated concert, the incident was the subject of heavy media scrutiny and elicited an outpouring of sympathy. PepsiCo settled a lawsuit out of court, and Jackson gave his $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California, where he had been treated, allowing the hospital to acquire the best available technology for treating severe burns; Brotman subsequently renamed its burn ward "Michael Jackson Burn Center" in his honor.
(Acknowledgement)

GPS (Global Positioning System)

Developed by the United States Department of Defense, it uses a constellation of between 24 and 32 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, which enable GPS receivers to determine their current location, the time, and their velocity. Its official name is NAVSTAR GPS.

Amadeo Giannini (1870-1949)

Giannini is credited as the inventor of many modern banking practices. Most notably, Giannini was one of the first bankers to offer banking services to middle-class Americans, rather than simply the upper class.

Häagen-Dazs

It was established by Reuben and Rose Mattus in The Bronx, New York in 1959. The letter combinations 'äa' and 'zs' are impossible in all Scandinavian languages.

Ponzi scheme

The system is doomed to collapse because there are little or no underlying earnings from the money received by the promoter. The scheme is named after Charles Ponzi, who became notorious for using the technique after emigrating from Italy to the United States in 1903. Ponzi was not the first to invent such a scheme, but his operation took in so much money that it was the first to become known throughout the United States.
(Acknowledgement)

Sotheby's

Founded in 1744, it is the world's oldest international auction house in continuous operation.

Raytheon

Generic trademark

The term is legally significant in that unless a company works sufficiently to prevent such broad use of its trademark, its intellectual property rights in the trademark may be lost. A trademark typically becomes "genericized" when the products or services with which it is associated have acquired substantial market dominance or mind share.
(Acknowledgement)

Billy Gibbons and Dusty Hill of ZZ Top

Gibbons and Hill are always pictured wearing sunglasses (a nod to their 1979 song "Cheap Sunglasses"), similar if not matching clothing, and their trademark chest-length beards. The other member, Frank Beard sports a mustache, but rarely a beard.

Walt Disney World Resort

Today it employs more than 61,000, spending more than $1.1 billion on payroll and $478 million on benefits each year.
(Acknowledgement)

Puffin Books

Since the 1960s it has been the largest publisher of children's books in the UK and much of the English-speaking world.
(Acknowledgement)

Computer mouse

In 1967, Engelbart applied for, and in 1970 he received a patent for the wooden shell with two metal wheels, describing it in the patent application as an "X-Y position indicator for a display system." Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the "mouse" because the tail came out the end. His group also called the on-screen cursor a "bug," but this term was not widely adopted. He never received any royalties for his mouse invention, partly because his patent expired in 1987, before the personal computer revolution made the mouse an indispensable input device, and also because subsequent mice used different mechanisms that did not infringe upon the original patent. During an interview, he says "SRI patented the mouse, but they really had no idea of its value. Some years later I learned that they had licensed it to Apple for something like $40,000."
(Acknowledgement)

1984

The commercial aired on January 22, 1984 during a break in the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII. The ad showed an unnamed heroine (played by Anya Major) wearing red shorts, red running shoes, and a white tank top with a Picasso-style picture of Apple's Macintosh computer, running through an Orwellian world to throw a sledgehammer at a TV image of Big Brother - an implied representation of IBM - played by David Graham. This was followed by an on-screen message and accompanying voice over by actor Edward Grover: "On January 24th, Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh. And you'll see why 1984 won't be like 1984." At the end, the Apple "rainbow bitten apple" logo is shown on a black background.
(Acknowledgement)

Union Carbide

On December 3, 1984, a Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, immediately killing nearly 3,000 people and ultimately causing at least 15,000 to 22,000 total deaths.
(Acknowledgement)

Mazda

It is also said that Mazda coincides with the anglicized pronunciation of the founder's name, Jujiro Matsuda, who was interested in spirituality, and chose to rename it in honor of both his family and the Zoroastrians. Mazda means "wisdom" in the Avestan language. However, in Japanese, the company has always been pronounced and spelled as "Matsuda" leading many to believe that Mazda is really just a poorly anglicized version of the founder's name.
(Acknowledgement)

Boeing

In 2006 it took 55% of global commercial aircraft orders for the first time since 2000. Boeing also continues to serve as the prime contractor on the International Space Station and has built several of the major components.

Segway

The Segway resembles the motorized, gyroscopically stabilized unicycles in the science fiction short story by Robert A. Heinlein titled The Roads Must Roll.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs) that provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices.

Toyota Corolla

In 1997, the Corolla became the bestselling car in the world, with over 30 million sold as of 2007.
(Acknowledgement)

Marlboro Man

The Marlboro Man was first conceived by Leo Burnett in 1954. The ads were originally conceived as a way to popularize filtered cigarettes, which at the time were considered feminine.
(Acknowledgement)

The group of managers just below the highest level of directors.

This phrase refers to the fact that in some cakes, a layer of marzipan lies just below the icing.
(Acknowledgement)

Federal Reserve Bank of New York in Manhattan

This cannot be confirmed as Swiss Banks do not report their gold stocks. The FRBNY's stocks are larger even than Fort Knox, and it holds approx 5,000 tonnes of gold bullion ($90 billion worth at 2007 prices). The gold is owned by many foreign nations, central banks and official international organizations. The Federal Reserve Bank does not own the gold but serves as guardian of the precious metal, which it "protects" at no charge as a gesture of good will to other nations.
(Acknowledgement)

Standard Oil

She was known as one of the leading "muckrakers" of the progressive era, work known in modern times as "investigative journalism." She is best-known for her 1904 book The History of the Standard Oil Company, which was listed as No. 5 in a 1999 list by the New York Times of the top 100 works of 20th-century American journalism.
(Acknowledgement)

Baseball's Black Sox scandal

His notoriety inspired several fictional characters based on his life, including Meyer Wolfsheim in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby.

PARC (Palo Alto Research Center, Inc.), formerly Xerox PARC

It was founded in 1970, and incorporated as a separate company (wholly owned by Xerox) in 2002. Xerox has been heavily criticized (particularly by business historians) for failing to properly commercialize and profitably exploit PARC's innovations. The work at PARC in the years since the early 1980s is often overlooked, but major work since then includes ubiquitous computing, aspect-oriented programming, and IPv6.
(Acknowledgement)

Augusto Pinochet

They were trained at the University of Chicago under Milton Friedman and Arnold Harberger, that's why the name.
(Acknowledgement)

Peter principle

Formulated by Dr. Laurence J. Peter in his 1968 book of the same name, the Peter Principle pertains to the level of competence of the human resources in a hierarchical organization. The principle explains the upward, downward, and lateral movement of personnel within a hierarchically organized system of ranks.
(Acknowledgement)

Wired

Wired has both been admired and disliked for its strong libertarian principles, its enthusiastic embrace of techno-utopianism, and its sometimes experimental layout with its bold use of fluorescent and metallic inks.

Market with one buyer

A single-payer universal health care system, in which the government is the only "buyer" of health care services, is an example of a monopsony.
(Acknowledgement)

Neutron Jack

In reference to the Neutron bomb that kills people but does not destroy buildings.
(Acknowledgement)

Black mamba

(Acknowledgement)

Agassi and Graf!

$ symbol

This theory, derived from a study of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century manuscripts, explains that the s gradually came to be written over the p developing a close equivalent to the "$" mark.

Lonely Planet

Lonely Planet's first books catered to young people from Australia and Europe (mainly the UK) undertaking the overland hippie trail between Australia and Europe, via South-East Asia, the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. This was becoming something of a rite of passage for young travellers, especially Australians and New Zealanders, who spent many months (or years) on the journey.
(Acknowledgement)

Reebok

Reebok surged in popularity in 1982 after the introduction of the Freestyle athletic shoe, which was specifically designed for women and came out when the aerobics fitness craze started. Reebok continues to produce the Freestyle to this day as it is popular with cheerleading, aerobic dancing, the gym, and dedicated consumers.
(Acknowledgement)

Yahoo!

It was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 1, 1995.
(Acknowledgement)